ZAEEM's BLOG

Crude-Drug evaluation Evaluation of drug means confirmation &comply of drug &determination of its quality,purity &detection of nature of adulteration. Evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three reasons: 1-biochemical variation in the drug. 2-deterioration due to treatment &storage 3-substitution &adulterationituent present ,as a result of carelessness,  in the Evaluation include ;method  of estimating active constitutent present in the crude drug ,in addition to its morphological &microscopic analysis,its possible to perform physical evaluation of crude drug ,the biological behavior of crude drug ,extracts, determine pharmacological evaluation. The crude drugs can be identify by: 1-Morphological or organoleptic evaluation: It refers to evaluation of drugs by colour ,odour ,taste ,size ,shape&special features like touch texture.....etc Organoleptic  evaluation means conclusion from the study of the result . The general appearance of...

  TYPHOID FEVER { Etiology,Pathogenesis, Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & prevention }                        By: ALI MANSOOR MALIK                                                 Chapter 1: The organism, the disease and transmission The organism Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi , a Gram-negative bacterium. A very similar but often less severe disease is caused by Salmonella serotype paratyphi A. The nomenclature for these bacteria is confused because the criteria for designating bacteria as individual species are not clear. S.typhi has several unique features, the genetic basis of many of which is known as a result of early genetic studies and the recent sequencing of the whole genome. Although many genes are shared with E. coli and at least 90% with S . typhimurium , there are sever...

Renal excretion:  Renal filtration accounts for most Medicine excretion. About one fifth of the plasma reaching the glomerulus is filtered through pores in the glomerular endothelium; nearly all water and most electrolytes are passively and actively reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into the circulation. However, polar compounds, which account for most Medicine metabolites, cannot diffuse back into the circulation and are excreted unless a specific transport mechanism exists for their reabsorption (eg, as for glucose, ascorbic acid, and B vitamins). With aging, renal Medicine excretion decreases ; at age 80, clearance is typically reduced to half of what it was at age 30. The principles of transmembrane passage govern renal handling of Medicines. Medicines bound to plasma proteins remain in the circulation; only unbound Medicine is contained in the glomerular filtrate. Un-ionized forms of Medicines and their metabolites tend to be reabsorbed readily from tubular fluids. Urine ...

Iron deficiency anaemia: basic management The Pharmaceutical Journal , FEB 2015 By  Niamh McGarry Test your knowledge with this case study on a common condition with non-specific symptoms. Source: Power and Syred / Science Photo Library Iron deficiency anaemia affects the body’s ability to produce healthy red blood cells, shown here under scanning electron micrograph (SEM) In this article you will learn: ·          The possible presenting symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia ·          Patient groups who are at increased risk of iron deficiency anaemia ·          How to start and manage iron replacement therapy Miss Bones, a 36-year-old woman, asks for your advice in the pharmacy. She is very active, eats a balanced vegetarian diet, and is a committed club-level hockey player. She has noticed that she has much less energy and has found her training sessions more ch...