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THE PROJECT IS PENDING FOR THE APPROVAL BY  HAJVERY UNIVERSITY IT WILL BE UPLOADED AS SOON AS IT IS APPROVED

Autacoids DOWNLOAD [PDF] Introduction ·          histamine ·          serotonin ·          endogenous peptides ·          prostaglandins ·          leukotrienes Histamine and Antihistamines Histamine Synthesis Histamine: Storage and Release Immunologic Release:  1.        The most important mechanism for histamine release is in response to an immunological stimulus.  2.        In mast cells, if sensitized by surface IgE antibodies, degranulate when exposed specific antigen.  3.        Degranulation means liberation of the contents of the mast cell granules, including .histamine 4.        Degranulation is involved in the immediate (type I) allergic reaction. Mechanical/Chemical Release: ·          A second type of release occurs following chemical or mechanical injury to mast cells.  ·          In these injuries caused degranulation ·          Mechanism of Action – ·          Histamine mediates its effects by interacting with receptors.  ·          Receptor Types   H 1, H 2, H 3, and

DIURETICS DOWNLOAD [PDF] DOWNLOAD [PPT] Kidneys: • Represent 0.5% of total body weight,but receive ~25% of the total arterialblood pumped by the heart . Each contains from one to two million nephrons NEPHRON: Blood processing unit which serves to produce urine , 1 million per kidney . IT Consists of ¨   – The glomerulus , The proximal convoluted tubule , The loop of Henle , The distal convoluted tubule Functions of Urinary System ¨   Kidneys carry out four functions ¤   Filter nitrogenous wastes, toxins, ions, etc. from blood to be excreted as urine. (Excretion of Wastes) ¤   Regulate volume and chemical composition of blood (water, salts, acids, bases ). (Fluid and electrolytes ) ¤   Produce regulatory enzymes. (Enzyme Production) n   Renin – regulates BP/ kidney function n   Erthropoeitin – stimulates RBC production from marrow. ¤   Metabolism of Vitamin D to active form . (Metabolism) Diuretics: • Increase output of urine . Primary indications are hypertension and mobilization of